ABSTRACT
Background: Breast milk is the best food for infants because it provides the baby with basic nutritional needs
Objective: To determine the factors affecting the use of artificial milk in children under one year referred to artificial milk commissions
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed on 186 infants under one year who were referred to artificial milk committee in Aran-Bidgol County [Kashan, Iran] in 2009. Data were collected using a questionnaire with 43 questions over demographic information associated with mother and infant, start of feeding, infant's health and behavior, type of pregnancy and birth, mother's condition and family planning, start of feeding, and history of previous lactation. Data were analyzed by chi square test
Findings: The most frequent causes for use of artificial milk were slow growth [51.1%], multiple birth [14.5%], doctor's recommendation [10.8%], infant's inability to breastfeed [10.2%], infant's illness [5.9%], mother's illness [4.8%], adoption [2.2%], and parents' separation [0.5%]. There was a statistically significant relationship between lactation and type of delivery, mother's motivation, need for after-delivery care, baby-friendly maternity unit, and use of pacifier [P<0.05]. No significant relationship between breastfeeding and mother's drug use, infant's illness, mother's employment, mother's education, and mother's breast condition was found
Conclusion: According to our findings, it seems that training and encouraging pregnant mothers for natural delivery and breastfeeding, and also establishing higher numbers of baby-friendly maternity hospitals can lead to considerable decrease in use of artificial milk
ABSTRACT
Rearrangement of V, D, and J segments of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene with inserted or deleted nucleotides within rearranged segments makes unique hypervariable regions [CDR-3]. These regions can be used for evaluation of B cell clonality for the purpose of molecular diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [NHL] and for confirmatory diagnosis in suspicious cases. In this study, samples of 42 patients were collected from Taleghani, Baqhiyatalah, and Aliasghar hospitals; out of this number, there were 22 patients with diagnosis of B cell NHL, 10 with reactive hyperplasia, and 10 with malignant lymphoma. After DNA extraction from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues, PCR was done using consensus primers for amplification of CDR-3 region. PCR products were analyzed after heteroduplex analysis using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver stain. Results Clonal patterns in group 1 [B cell NHL], 2 [reactive and follicular hyperplasia], and 3 [morphological diagnosis without immunohistochemistry] were observed in 77.2%, 0%, and 70% of patients, respectively. Our findings are compatible with other international studies with minor differences. The diagnosis of B-cell lymphoid malignancy can frequently be substantiated by detecting clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain [IGH] gene rearrangement